Showing posts with label interest rate. Show all posts
Showing posts with label interest rate. Show all posts

Commentary on current market rates

There have been some remarkable changes happening recently in the economy. Most interesting for me has been to watch what is happening to interest rates in the bond market. Consider it in these terms:

Let's say that you are a lender looking for a place to put your money. An organization comes to you and wants a 2 year loan. They have a lot of debt (about four to five times their annual income), but they have a perfect track record of paying back previous loans. They offer you 2.18% interest in exchange for a 2 year loan. You want to make a higher return? Well, in exchange for locking up your money for a longer period of time, they offer you a 2.78% interest on a 5 year note, 3.58% interest on a 10 year note, or 4.29% on a 30 year note.

Those are the current yields for government treasury bonds. Investors with deep pockets are currently locking up their money for 10 years for a 3.58% return. Inflation is currently sitting at 4.08%, and few analysts are expecting that to get better any time soon. It seems incredible to me that these investors are willing to lock up their money for 10 or even 30 years at rates which are unlikely to produce a positive return after accounting for inflation.

So, why are investors sinking billions of dollars of investment money into notes with returns that won't even keep pace with the rate of inflation? The answer is that economic uncertainty and market turmoil have pushed people into a flight toward safer investments. A return of zero after inflation is better than loosing your shirt.

So, what are you to do as an investor? Well, I would argue that blindly following the rest of the market is not a winning strategy. Often investors act with a herd mentality and push investments to unreasonable extremes. This explains the frequent bubble - crash cycles in various markets. Eventually, however, investments return to a long term rate of return based on their underlying value. This economic principle is known as regression to the mean, and it holds true in every aspect of investing. Putting money into bond funds at these low rates seems unlikely to be a long term winning strategy. When interest rates do go back up the value of these bond funds will plummet adding additional insult to the already low rates of return.

At times like this it is beneficial to have some money on the sidelines. That way, when one market gets way out of whack you can invest at bargain prices with the hope that, following the principle of regression to the mean, you will make money as the market corrects itself. So, as the real estate and stock markets fall there will be the potential for money to be made by those that have some money on the sidelines. Think of it in terms of the S&L crisis of the 1980s or the Great Depression. If you invested then you would have bought at discount prices right before real estate and stock market booms. There will be lots of short term volatility in the coming months, but patient disciplined long term investors can benefit from the market discount the volatility provides.

How does Prosper compare to other investments?

There are many different ways to measure an investment. We might ask questions like: What is the potential return? What is the risk? What about liquidity? What fees are involved? What are the tax consequences for the investment returns? Are there tax benefits to losses that might be incurred? How time intensive is the investment? Can it target specific objectives like saving for college or retirement? How is it treated when part of an estate if the account holder passes away? Can it be used as a hedge against events that negatively affect other investments? In general, how does it compare to other investments?

Lets take these questions one at a time to see how Prosper stacks up:

Q1: What is the potential return?

A1: Interest rates on loans on Prosper fall between 6% to 29%. Current performance indicators suggest that one can expect to earn between 8%-12% after defaults with a disciplined investment strategy. To obtain these rates investments should be made in higher grade loans for borrowers with good credit scores (preferably to borrowers with no delinquencies in their credit report).

Q2: What is the risk?

A2: The primary risk on Prosper is that loans will default, or will be late in making payments. Loans that default are sold off for between pennies on the dollar to as much as 30 cents on the dollar for homeowner loans in the higher credit grades. Late loans are turned over to a collection agency, and any recovered payments will be subject to recovery fees paid to the lending agency. Default rates increase as credit grade decreases. You can view default rates and expected rates of return for different types of loans at Prosper's Marketplace Performance page.

Q3: What about liquidity?

A3: Prosper has very little liquidity. The only way to pull money out of Prosper after it is invested is to wait for the borrower to make payments over three year term of the loan. Prosper has indicated that they are working on creating a secondary market that would increase the liquidity of the money invested.

Q4: What fees are involved?

A4: Lenders pay an annual loan servicing fee of between 0.5%-1% depending on the credit grade of the loan. Lenders are also responsible for collection agency recovery fees on any loans which go more than 1 month late. These fees range between 7.35% and 20% of the amount recovered by the collection agency.

Q5: What are the tax consequences for the investment returns?

A5: Any money earned on Prosper is taxed as ordinary income and subject to Federal income tax rates which can be as high as 35%, and state income tax rates which vary between 0% and 9.3%. Prosper is not a tax friendly investment.

Q6: Are there tax benefits to losses that might be incurred?

A6: With some assets, including stocks, it is possible to use losses to offset taxable gains from other investments. You can also decide when to sell a stock based on whether doing so would be advantageous for tax purposes. On Prosper it is not possible to use a loss to offset a taxable gain from another investment. Also, on Prosper is not possible to time the receipt of income to postpone any tax liabilities.

Q7: How time intensive is the investment?

A7: Much like researching out an individual stock before you purchase it, each Prosper loan requires a bit of research to determine whether it is a good investment. It is possible to set up standing orders that will auto bid based on a pre-selected set of criteria to reduce the amount of time required. Many investors, including me, enjoy the process of researching and selecting loans to bid on, but this should be considered a time intensive process.

Q8: Can it target specific objectives like saving for college or retirement?

A8: There are many investment programs that target a specific savings goal. There are a variety of state run 529 plans are setup for saving for college. 401Ks and IRAs are setup for retirement savings. Other investments are setup specifically as tax-friendly investments. Prosper is none of these. I guess there is no reason that you can't use Prosper for saving for retirement or college, it is just that you will not get the tax benefits or employer match benefits that can be available from some of those more targeted investment options.

Q9: How is it treated when part of an estate if the account holder passes away?

A9: Understanding how investments fit into an estate planning scenario can be very important. When properly structured, many investments can be passed on to heirs tax free and often taxes will not even need to be paid on unrealized gains from an investment. When not properly structured, estate taxes can significantly reduce a person's assets. Let's take an individual stock for example. Let's say you purchase 1000 shares at $5 per share, and over the years that stock increases to $80 per share. If you were to sell it, you pay taxes on the $75,000 in earnings at the capital gains tax rate (currently 15%). If you instead pass it on as part of an inheritance to your heirs, they can receive what is known as a step up in basis. That means that if they were to sell the stock they can list their cost as $80 (the value of the asset at the time they received the inheritance) and they do not pay any taxes on the $75,000 in profit. A similar tax savings can be realized if the stock is donated to charity - in that scenario the money can also be earned and donated without anyone paying taxes on the earnings. In Prosper, there is no way to avoid the taxes. As money is earned from Prosper loans it must be realized as income and the taxes must be paid.

Q10: Can it be used as a hedge against events that negatively affect other investments?

A10: Often investors will look for investments that will reduce their risk to negative events by diversifying in investments that move independent of each other. For example, airlines will invest in oil futures in such a way that if oil prices increase then they make money on their investment. If oil prices decrease then they lose money on the investment, but they realize an overall saving by having to pay less money to fuel their planes. This lowers their exposure to the risk of a sharp increase in oil prices. Prosper does not target a specific commodity or investment for hedge purposes, but it can be considered an independent asset class in much the same way that stocks and bonds are separate asset classes. As such, it does offer value as a means of diversifying an investment portfolio.

Q11: In general, how does it compare to other investments?

A11: I think the best use of Prosper is for diversifying an investment portfolio so that you don't have all of your investments in stocks and bonds. Adding some Prosper loans should increase the overall diversification of your portfolio. Combined with a conservative investment strategy I think it can provide better returns than bond funds. Prosper should not be considered a good place for money that might be needed for emergency purposes since there is very little liquidity in the investment. Also, it is probably not the best investment for retirement money unless you are already maxing out any 401K or IRA accounts that are available to you. If you are relatively new to saving and investing I would suggest starting with an emergency fund equal to about 3-6 months of your salary. This money can be kept in a money market or savings account. After that, if you have a 401K available at your work you should be saving at least enough to get you a full company match. Next, it is good to save additional money for retirement in a IRA. Additional medium to long-term savings accounts can then be setup with a mix of stocks, bonds, and Prosper loans. The allocation percentages should be determined by your tolerance for risk and your investment time horizon.

Are all Prosper loans within a credit grade created equal?

The easiest way to categorize risk is by credit grade. At Prosper you can search and filter loans by credit grade. Many lenders, including me, pay particular attention to higher credit grades while excluding the lowest credit grades completely.

Today we ask the question: Are all loans within a credit grade created equal?

Let's start with some statistics. The following are the average lender rates by credit grade. Note, this is not the actual interest earned by the lender, just the rate the borrower agrees to pay the lender at the time the loan is made.

Credit GradeInterest
AA10.59
A12.65
B14.91
C17.60
D20.78
E24.05
HR24.03

Here are the same statistics for all loans that are current:

Credit GradeInterest
AA9.43%
A11.41%
B13.83%
C16.50%
D19.53%
E22.98%
HR23.06%

Now, lets take a look at the numbers for the loans that have defaulted:

Credit GradeInterestPercent Above Average LoansPercent Above Current Loans
AAnot enough datan/an/a
A12.85%0.2%1.44%
B16.62%1.71%2.79%
C20.24%2.64%3.74%
D22.65%1.87%3.12%
E25.77%1.72%2.79%
HR25.93%1.9%2.87%

So, what do these numbers tell us? Well, if we look at loans in the B through HR categories, the loans that defaulted had a 1.7% through 2.6% higher interest on average than other loans in that credit grade. What this means is that prior to defaulting lenders considered these loans a higher risk and didn't bid down the interest rate as low as they did for other loans.

The difference is even more pronounced when you look at the difference in interest rates between loans that are current versus loans that have defaulted. Lenders put as much as a 3.74% risk premium on loans that ended up defaulting - clearly lenders were seeing something they didn't like in the listings compared to other listings of the same credit grade.

There are two things that we should learn from this data. The first is that it is probably not a good strategy to look for the highest rates in each credit grade. If you consistently seek out the highest interest rates in each credit grade then you are going to have a higher rate of defaults then if you were sticking to loans that are closer to average or below average for those credit grades.

The second lesson that we can learn from this data is that there are other important pieces of information when looking at a loan. It is important to look at the whole picture including number of delinquencies, debt to income levels, income, public records, and revolving credit balance. Basically you want to ask yourself questions like:
  • Does this person have enough resources to pay back this loan?
  • Does their past credit history show they can be trusted with credit?
  • Does their purpose for the loan make sense to me?

What you will find is that some lenders will stick to the higher credit grades to lower their risk, but then they seek out the loans within that credit grade that pay the highest interest rate to the exclusion of all other criteria. Some lenders, for example, might set a standing order that would bid on loans only if they are at a higher than average % for that credit grade. Then they wonder why they are having a higher than average default rate in their portfolio. The answer is that lenders have allowed them to close at higher interest rates because they correctly assessed that they were higher risk loans in spite of their good credit grade.

Why would a borrower use Prosper instead of a traditional bank?

The following question that a reader left on Tom's OmniNerd article inspired me to write this post.

What makes me curious is this: why don't the A or AA folks just borrow from a bank? The rates seem high compared to banks'. My perspective is that of someone who has only ever borrowed with collateral--a car or house--maybe unsecured loans just run higher, but aren't a lot of these people using their home equity as collateral?

The question was a good one and one that many lenders have wondered about. After all, you can get a mortgage loan right now for between 6-7% and, with good credit, you should be able to get a car loan at less than 8%. So, why pay 9-12% on Prosper if your credit is perfect?

Well, interest rates have been rising recently and many people who have not been to a bank for a personal loan might be surprised by the current rates:

  • Key bank is at 12.24% with $99 in fees for a $5000 loan at 36 months
  • America First CU is at 12.75% for a $1000 loan at 36 months
  • Chase is at 13.49% with $75 in fees for a $2500 loan at 36 months
  • Bank of the West is at a whopping 16.25% with $50 in fees for a $5000 loan at 36 months

Keep in mind that these rates assume that you have very good credit. Add to this that the average credit card rate is at 18.9% according to American Consumer Credit Counseling, and you can see that Prosper rates are less than or comparable to other rates in the industry for unsecured debt.

So, why would anyone pay these rates when you can run out and get a home equity line of credit for less than this and get an extra tax deduction to go along with it? The answer is that not everyone owns a house, or has equity in their house that they can tap into. Even among people who do own a house it may require several hundred dollars in fees for appraisals, title transfer, and processing fees that are common throughout the mortgage industry. So, if you add those onto a $5000 loan you may be taking a 5-10% hit right from the start.

Same is true for a car loan. Many people, even those with good credit, do not have a car that has been completely paid off that they can use for collateral. If they do, then taking a car loan also comes with processing and title transfer fees. It seems that you can't do anything at a bank without running into fees.

So, there are plenty of good situations where a borrower with good credit can save money by obtaining a loan on Prosper rather than going through a traditional bank. That does not mean that it is the best choice for all borrowers. I mentioned in an earlier post that it doesn't make sense for a borrower to re-finance a student loan on Prosper. This is also true for house purchases and new car purchases. When I come across a listing that doesn't make sense to me, I don't bid. It doesn't make sense to me for someone to borrow at 12% here to help them purchase a house or car. However, it does make sense to me if they are refinancing credit card debt or paying for a wedding. Matt's advice: if the why part of the listing doesn't make sense to you then don't bid on the listing.

If you are new to Prosper, start borrowing here.